A type of Calcei, with a single piece upper and a separate inner and outer sole. Soldiers
and laborers wore special, stoutly made half boots called Caligae with heavily nailed
soles, the uppers being made of a separate piece of leather thongs which left the toes
free but bound the ankles and the foot in a web of leather. They sometimes appear to have
been worn so that the upper edge could be turned down. There seem to have been a variety
of nail-patterns in the soles. Caligae are also referred to in the Edict of Diocletian as
"boots for mule drivers or farm workers, first quality, without hobnails." Note
that after about 100 CE, these boots seem to disappear from the archaeological record as
strictly military wear. - Caligae muliebres
Boots for women, similar to those worn by soldiers, but without hobnails. Caligae muliebres cost only 60 sesterces in the Edict, but those for soldiers, without nails, cost 100 sesterces.